Section IV English-Chinese Translation

Directions:

Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)

They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light years from earth. 71) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected; the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Cosmic Background Explorer satellite -- Cobe -- had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).

72) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginable dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventually, even humans.

Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies. They shouldn't have long to wait. 73) Astrophysicists working with ground based detectors at the South Pole and balloon borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.

74) If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillion fold in much less than a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity. 75) Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.

71. ________

72. ________

73. ________

74. ________

75. ________

Section V Writing

Directions:

[A] Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in no less than 150 words.

[B] Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)

[C] Your essay should meet the requirements below:

1. Write out the messages conveyed by the cartoon.

2. Give your comments
 

参考答案：

1. D 2. B 3. A 4. C 5. A

6. D 7. B 8. D 9. C IO. A

11. D, were 12. D, saving

13. C, family-run 14. C, environmental

15. B, that 16. A, in

17. C, to make 18. D, skinned

19. B, great 20. D, until

21. A 22. D 23. C 24. B 25. A

26. C 27. A 28. B 29. D 30. C

31. C 32. B 33. D 34. C 35. C

36. B 37. A 38. B 39. D 40. B

41. D 42. A 43. B 44. A 45. B

46. C 47. D 48. C 49. A 50. D

51. B 52. C 53. A 54. D 55. A

56. C 57. D 58. B 59. B 60. D

61. C 62. A 63. B 64. C 65. D

66. A 67. A 68. B 69. D 70. A

71．几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。

72．人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。

73．在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。

74．所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。

75．这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派；前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。