Passage 5

　　Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publisher ' s pipelines. A few have already appeared. The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life. Cosmology , geology , and biology have provided a consistent , unified, and constantly improving account of what happened. "Scientific" creationism, which is being pushed by some for "equal time" in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are eivel, is based on religion, not science. Virtually all scientists and the majority of nonfundamentalist religious leaders have come to regard "scientific" creationism as bad science and bad religion.

　　The first four chapters of Kitcher's book give a very brief introduction to evolution. At appropriate places, he introduces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers. In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programmes and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise. When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected more Christian behavior.

　　Kitcher is a philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments. The non-specialist wiU be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory. The final chapter on the creationists will be extremely clear to all. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: "This book stands for reason itself. "And so it does-and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate .

　　67. "Creationism" in the passage refers to__

　　(A) evolution in its true sense as to the origin of the universe

　　(B) a notion of the creation of religion

　　(C) the scientific explanation of the earth formation

　　(D) the deceptive theory about the origin of the universe

　　68. Kitcher's book is intended to __.

　　(A) recommend the views of the evolutionists

　　(B) expose the true features of creationists

　　(C) curse bitterly at this opponents

　　(D) launch a surprise attack on creationists

　　69 From the passage we can infer that__

　　(A) reasoning has played a decisive role in the debate

　　(B) creationists do not base their argument on reasoning

　　(C) evolutionary theory is too difficult for non-specialists

　　(D) creationism is supported by scientific findings

　　70. This passage appears to be a digest of__

　　(A) a book review (B) a scientific paper

　　(C) a magazine feature (D) a newspaper editorial

　　Part Ⅳ English-Chinese Translation

　　The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes.

　　71 )Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. Some , however , are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconception of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas.

　　This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend. 72)This trend began during the Second World War, when several govemments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted, however, that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order. 73)This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.

　　This kind of support , like all government support , requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward. But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult. The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting "good " as opposed to "bad" science, but avalid determination is difficult to make. Generally, the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory. 74)However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects. 75) New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.

　　Part V Writing (15 points)

　　76. DIRECTIONS :

　　A. Title : GOOD HEALTH

　　B. Time limit :40 minutes

　　C. Word limit : 120-150 words ( not including the given opening sentence)

　　D. Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the

　　given opening sentence : "The desire for good health is universal. "

　　E. YOur composition should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.

　　OUTLINE:

　　1. Importance of good health

　　2. Ways to keep fit

　　3. My own practices

　　参考答案：

　　l. A 3. D 5. D 7. D 9. A

　　2. C 4. B 6. C 8. B IO. C

　　11. A, went 12. B, psychologically

　　13. A, allowing 14. C, he

　　15. B, are more likely 16. C, are

　　17. C, when 18. B, two spacecraft

　　19. D, taken 20. C, it

　　21. D 23. D 25. A 27. D 29. A

　　22. B 24. C 26. B 28. B 30. C

　　31. D 33. C 35. C 37. D 39. A

　　32. A 34. D 36. B 38. B 40. D

　　41. C 43. A 45. C 47. D 49. C

　　42. D 44. B 46. A 48. B 50. A

　　51. B 53. D 55. B 57. C 59. C

　　52. A 54. A 56. C 58. D 60. A

　　61. C 63. D 65. B 67. D 69. B

　　62. D 64. A 66. A 68. B 70. A

　　71.在这些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求;另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生某些特定发展的必然结果。

　　72.这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府要向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。

　　73.给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持，看来通常能有效地解决这个问题。

　　74.然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世上某些更加引人人胜的课题的。

　　75.同过去—样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准。

　　Part V . Writing

　　GOOD HEALTH

　　Wherever you are and whatever you do, staying healthy is always important. With the improvement of our living standards, people are attaching more and more importance to their health. We students can' t keep the high study efficiency without good. health. The same thing is true with workers, scientists and doctors.

　　In my opinion, good diet and exercises are two major ways to keep healthy. The food we eat every day must be rational and should include meat, vegetables, eggs, and fruit. It is important to drink water every day and not to get addicted to drinking coffee or some other soft drinks. Ex-ercising every day is also essential for us to stay healthy. We can ride bicycles, play tennis or swim. Of course we don' t need to exhaust ourselves. We should plan our physical exercises according to our actual condition. An hour a day is enough.

　　As a university student, I have much free time to do exercises. l usually play badminton and tennis. But sometimes I am lazy and do not exercise for all kinds of excuses, such as cold weather and exams. I must correct it. I am also careful with my diet. In a way, keeping healthy is not very hard, if you just take it seriously.